Organizational Structure and Design
1、organizing：组织工作
The process of creating an organization‘s structure.
被定义为一个组织结构的创设过程。
2、organizational structure：组织结构
The formal framework by which jobs tasks are divided，grouped， and coordinated
组织中正式确定的使工作任务得以分解、组合和协调的框架体系。
3、organizational design：组织设计
Developing or changing an organization‘s structure.
管理者发展或变革一个组织结构。
4、Work specialization： 工作专门化
The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs； also known as division of labor.
描述组织中的任务被划分为各项专门工作的程度。
5、departmentalization：部门化
The basis by which jobs are grouped together.
就是指将若干职位组合在一起的依据和方式。
6、functional departmentalization：职能部门化
Groups jobs by functions performed.
是依据所履行的职能来组合工作。
7、product departmentalization：产品部门化
Groups jobs by product line.
是依据产品线来组合工作。
8、geographical departmentalization：地区部门化
Groups jobs on the basis of territory or geography.
是按照地理区域进行工作的组合。
9、process departmentalization：过程部门化
Groups jobs on the basis of product or customer flow.
是依据产品或顾客流来组合工作，使各项活动沿着处理产品或为顾客提供服务的工艺过程的顺序来组织的。
10、customer departmentalization：顾客部门化
Groups jobs on the basis of common customers.
是依据共同的顾客来组织工作，这组顾客具有某类相同的需要或问题，要有相应的专家才能更好地予以满足。
11、cross-functional teams：跨职能团队
Groups of individuals who are experts in various specialties who work together.
这是将各专业领域的专家们组合在一起协调工作。
12、chain of command：指挥链
The continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to the lowest and clarifies who reports to whom.
是指从组织高层延伸到基层的这样一条持续的职权线，它界定了谁向谁报告工作。
13、authority：职权
The rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it.
是指管理职务所固有的发布命令和希望命令得到执行的这样一种权力。
14、responsibility：职责
The obligation to perform any assigned duties.
对完成任务的期待或义务。
15、unity of command：统一指挥
The management principle that each person should report to only one manager.
法约尔提出的14条管理原则之一——使组织能保持一条持续的职权线。它是指每个下属应当而且只能向一个上级主管直接报告工作。
16、span of control：管理跨度
The number of employees a manager can efficiently and effectively manager.
一位管理者能够有效地管理下属数量的程度。
17、centralization：集权化
The degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in organization.
反映决策集中于组织中某一点的程度。
18、decentralization：分权化
The degree to which lower-level employees provide input or actually make decisions.
低层人员提供了更多的决策投入，或者实际上可以做出决策的程度。
19、formalization：正规化
The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.
指组织中各项工作标准化以及员工行为受规则和程序约束的程度。
20、mechanistic organization：机械式组织
An organizational design that‘s rigid and tightly controlled.
是一种刻板的严密控制的结构。
21、organic organization：有机式组织
An organizational design that‘s highly adaptive and flexible.
是一种灵活的具有高度适应性的结构。
22、unit product：单件生产
The production of items in units or small batches.
代表的是单件或小批量的生产。
23、mass production：大批量生产
The production of items in large batches.
也就是大批、大量的生产。
24、process production：连续生产
The production of items in continuous process.
反映连续流程的生产。
25、simple structure：简单结构
An organizational design with low departmentalization， wide spans of control， centralized authority， and little formalization.
就是一种低度部门化、宽管理跨度，职权集中于一人手中，且正规化程度低的组织设计。
26、functional structure：职能型结构
An organizational design that groups similar or related occupational specialties together. divisional structure： An organizational structure made up of separate， semiautonomous units or divisions.
是一种将相似或相关职业的专家们组合在一起的组织设计。
27、Divisional Structure：事业部型结构
An organizational structure made up of separate， semiautonomous units or divisions.
事业部型结构是一种由相为独立的单位或事业部组成的组织结构。
28、team-based structure：基于团队的结构
An organizational structure in which the entire organization is made up of work groups or teams.
在基于团队的结构中，整个组织是由执行组织的各项任务的工作小组或团队组成。
29、matrix structure： 矩阵型结构
An organizational structure that assigns specialists from different functional departments to work on one or more projects.
是指从各职能部门中抽调有关专家，分派他们在一个或多个由项目经理领导的项目小组中工作的这样一种专职设计。
30、project structure：项目型结构
An organizational structure in which employees continuously work on projects.
员工持续地变换工作的工作小组。
31、autonomous internal units：内部自治单位
Separate decentralized business units， each with its own products， clients， competition， and profit goals.
是指独立的分权化经营的单位，每一单位都有自己的产品、顾客和竞争对手，都对其利润目标负责。
30、boundary less organization：无界组织
An organization whose design is not defined by ，or limited to ，the horizontal， vertical， or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure.
是指其横向的、纵向的或外部的边界不由某种预先设定的结构所限定或定义的这样一种组织设计。
31、Virtual organization：虚拟组织
An organization that consists of a small core of full-time employees and that temporarily hires outside specialists to work on opportunities that arise.
组织雇佣少部分核心全日制雇员，当机会出现时临时雇佣外部专家一起工作。
32、Network organization ：网络型组织
A small core organization that outsources major business functions.
一种外部资源主导经营职能的小型核心组织。
33、Modular organization：模块型组织
A manufacturing organization that uses outside suppliers to provide product components of modules that are then assembled into final products.
制造业组织，它利用外部供应商提供的零件和部件生产组装最终产品。
34、Learning organization：学习型组织
An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously adapt and change because all members take an active role in identifying and resolving work-related issues.
它是指由于所以组成成员都积极参与到与工作有关问题的识别与解决中，从而使组织形成了持续适应和变革能力的这样一种组织。
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