F1-管理学术语英汉对照解释（14）

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Foundations o f behavior
1、Behavior ：行为
The actions of people.
人们的活动。
2、Organizational behavior ：组织行为学
The actions of people at work.
人们在工作中的活动。
3、Attitudes ：态度
Evaluative statements . either favorable or unfavorable . concerning objects . people，or events.
指对于物体，人物和事件的评价性陈述，这种陈述可以是赞同的也可以是反对的。
4、Cognitive component ：认知成分
The part of attitude that‘s made up of the beliefs ， opinions ， knowledge ， or information held by a person.
由一个人所持有的信念，观点，知识或信息构成。
5、Affective component ：情感成分
The part of an attitude that‘s the emotional or feeling part.
是态度中的情绪或感受部分。
6、Behavioral component：行为成分
The part of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.
指个人以某种方式对某人或某事做出行动的意向。
7、Job satisfaction ：工作满意度
The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job ， actively participates in it ， and considers his or her job performance to be important to self-worth.
员工对自己工作的总体态度。指的是员工认同自己的工作，积极参与工作，把工作绩效视为个人价值的体现的程度。
8、Organizational commitment ：组织承诺
An employee‘s orientation toward the organization in terms of his or her loyalty to ， identification with ， and involvement in the organization.
代表了员工的组织取向，指的是他们对组织的忠诚度、认可程度及参与程度。
9、Organizational citizenship behavior （OCB） ：组织公民行为
Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee‘s formal job requirements but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.
它指的是一种员工自由决定的行为，不包括在员工的正式工作要求当中，但它无疑会促进组织的有效性。
10、Cognitive dissonance ：认知失调
Any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
指的是态度之间以及态度与行为之间存在的任何不协调或不一致。
11、Attitude surveys ：态度调查
Surveys that elicit responses from employees through questions about their jobs ， work groups ， supervisors ， or the organization.
给员工列出一系列的陈述或问题，用于了解他们对于自己的工作小组上级主管或组织的感觉。
12、Personality ：人格
The unique combination of psychological traits that describes a person.
是我们以描述这个人所具备的独特心理特质的总和。
13、Big-five model ：大五人格模型
Five-factor model of personality that includes extaversion ， agreeableness ， conscientiousness ， emotional stability ， and openness to experience.
这五项人格的特质是：外倾性、随和性、责任意识、情绪稳定性、经验的开放性。
14、Emotional intelligence（EI） ：情绪智力
An assortment of noncognitive skills ， capabilities ， and competencies that influence a person‘s ability with environmental demands and pressures.
属于一种非认知的技能、潜能和素质范畴，它影响到一个人能否成功地面队环境的要求与压力。
15、Locus of control ：控制点
The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.
指这些人相信他们掌握着自己的命运。
16、Machiavellianism ：马基雅维里主义
A measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic ， maintain emotional distance ， and believe that ends justify means.
讲求现实，对人保持着情感的距离，相信结果能替手段辩护。
17、Self-esteem ：自尊
An individual‘s degree of like or dislike for himself or herself.
人们在喜爱或不喜爱自己的程度上存在差异。
18、Self-monitoring ：自我监控
A personality trait that measures an individual‘s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors.
指的是个体根据外部情境因素调整自己行为的能力。
19、Perception ：知觉
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment.
是个体为了自己所在的环境赋予意义而组织和解释自己的感觉印象的过程。
20、Attribution theory ：归因理论
A theory used to explain how we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribution a given behavior.
由于我们对某一特定行为做出的归因不同，因而影响到我们对个体的判断也十分不同。
21、Fundamental attribution error ：基本归因错误
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
指判断他人的行为时，尽管有充分的事实依据，但我们总是带有一定的倾向性，即低估外部因素的影响并高估内部或个人因素的影响。
22、Self-serving bias ：自我服务偏见
The process by which people assimilate certain bits and pieces of what they observe ， depending on their interests ， external factors.
指自己的成功归因于内部因素如能力或努力，而把自己的失败归结为外部因素如运气。
23、Selectivity ：有选择地接受
The process by which people assimilate bits and pieces of what hey observe ， depending on their interests ， background ， and attitudes.
观察者依据自己的兴趣、背景、过去经验和态度进行主动的选择的结果。
24、Assumed similarity ：假设相似性
The belief that others are like oneself.
相信与我们类似的人。
25、Stereotyping ：刻板印象
Judging a person on the basis of one‘s perception of a group to which he or she belongs.
以个体所在的团体为基础判断某人。
26、Halo effect：晕轮效应
A general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic.
我们根据某人的某种特征而形成对其的总体印象。
27、Learning ：学习
Any relatively permanent change voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
由于经验的结果而带来行为中出现的比较持久的变化。
28、Operant conditioning ：操作性条件反射
A tape of learning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
人们通过学习行为而获得他们想要的东西并逃避他们不想要的东西。
29、Social learning theory ：社会学习理论
A theory of learning that says people can learn through observation and direct experience.
可以通过观察和直接经验进行学习的观点。
30、Shaping behavior ：行为塑造
The process of systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired behavior.
通过循序渐进的方式指导个体的学习，塑造个体的行为。
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